Inani leelensi liyinto ebalulekileyo ebangela ukusebenza kwemifanekiso kwiinkqubo ze-optical kwaye lidlala indima ephambili kwisakhelo soyilo lulonke. Njengoko ubuchwepheshe bemifanekiso yanamhlanje buqhubela phambili, iimfuno zabasebenzisi zokucaca komfanekiso, ukuthembeka kombala, kunye nokuveliswa kweenkcukacha ezincinci ziye zanda, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho ulawulo olukhulu ekusasazekeni kokukhanya ngaphakathi kwee-envelopes zomzimba ezincinci. Kule meko, inani leelensi livela njengenye yezona parameter zinempembelelo elawula ubuchule benkqubo ye-optical.
Into nganye eyongezelelweyo yelensi ingenisa inqanaba elithile lenkululeko, nto leyo evumela ukuphathwa ngokuchanekileyo kweendlela zokukhanya kunye nokuziphatha kokugxila kuyo yonke indlela ye-optical. Olu hlengahlengiso loyilo oluphuculweyo alupheleli nje ekuncedeni ukwenziwa ngcono kwendlela yokuqala yokufota kodwa lukwavumela ukulungiswa okujoliswe kuko kwe-optical aberrations ezininzi. Ii-aberrations eziphambili ziquka i-spherical aberrations—evela xa imisebe esecaleni kunye ne-paraxial ingaphumeleli ukudibana kwindawo efanayo ye-focal; i-coma aberrations—ebonakala njenge-asymmetric smearing yemithombo ye-point, ngakumbi ukuya kumda womfanekiso; i-astigmatism—ephumela kwiingxaki zokugxila ezixhomekeke ekuqondeni; i-field curve—apho i-plane yomfanekiso ijika khona, ekhokelela kwiindawo ezibukhali ezisembindini ezine-edge focus eyonakeleyo; kunye ne-geometric distortion—ebonakala njenge-barrel- okanye i-pincushion-shaped image deformation.
Ngaphezu koko, ukuphazamiseka kwe-chromatic—kokubini okujikelezayo nokusecaleni—okubangelwa kukusasazwa kwezinto kuphazamisa ukuchaneka kombala kunye nomahluko. Ngokufaka izinto ezongezelelweyo zelensi, ingakumbi ngokudibanisa okucwangcisiweyo kweelensi ezilungileyo nezingalunganga, ezi ngxaki zinokuncitshiswa ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe ukufana kwemifanekiso kulo lonke icandelo lokujonga.
Utshintsho olukhawulezileyo lwemifanekiso enesisombululo esiphezulu luye lwandisa ngakumbi ukubaluleka kobunzima belensi. Kwifoto yefowuni, umzekelo, iimodeli eziphambili ngoku zidibanisa ii-sensors ze-CMOS kunye nokubalwa kwee-pixel ezidlula izigidi ezingama-50, ezinye zifikelela kwizigidi ezingama-200, kunye nobukhulu bee-pixel obuhlala buncipha. Olu phuculo lubeka iimfuno ezingqongqo kwi-angular kunye ne-spatial consistency yokukhanya kwesiganeko. Ukuze kusetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo amandla okusombulula ala ma-array e-sensor are high-density, iilensi kufuneka zifikelele kumaxabiso aphezulu eModulation Transfer Function (MTF) kuluhlu olubanzi lwe-spatial frequency, ukuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa ngokuchanekileyo kwe-textures ezintle. Ngenxa yoko, uyilo oluqhelekileyo lwezinto ezintathu okanye ezintlanu alusanele, nto leyo ekhokelela ekusetyenzisweni kwe-multi-element configurations eziphambili ezifana ne-7P, 8P, kunye ne-9P architectures. Ezi zakhiwo zivumela ulawulo oluphezulu kwii-angles ze-oblique ray, zikhuthaza i-incidence incidence kumphezulu wesensor kwaye zinciphise i-microlens crosstalk. Ngaphezu koko, ukuhlanganiswa kweendawo ezi-aspheric kuphucula ukuchaneka kokulungiswa kwe-spherical aberration kunye ne-distortion, kuphucula kakhulu ubukhali be-edge-to-edge kunye nomgangatho womfanekiso uphela.
Kwiinkqubo zobungcali zokuthatha imifanekiso, imfuno yokugqwesa kwe-optical iqhuba izisombululo ezintsonkothileyo ngakumbi. Iilensi ezinkulu ze-aperture prime (umz., f/1.2 okanye f/0.95) ezisetyenziswa kwi-DSLR ephezulu kunye neekhamera ezingenazibuko ziqhele ukuba ne-spherical aberration enzima kunye ne-coma ngenxa yobunzulu bazo obungaphantsi komhlaba kunye nokukhanya okuphezulu. Ukumelana nale miphumo, abavelisi bahlala besebenzisa ii-lens stacks eziquka izinto ezili-10 ukuya kwezili-14, besebenzisa izixhobo eziphambili kunye nobunjineli obuchanekileyo. Iglasi esasazekileyo (umz., ED, SD) isetyenziselwa ngobuchule ukucinezela i-chromatic dispersion kunye nokususa imibala eqhekekileyo. Izinto ze-aspheric zithatha indawo yezinto ezininzi ezijikelezayo, zifezekisa ukulungiswa okuphezulu kwe-aberration ngelixa zinciphisa ubunzima kunye nokubalwa kwezinto. Ezinye iindlela zokusebenza eziphezulu ziquka izinto ze-diffractive optical (DOEs) okanye iilensi ze-fluorite ukucinezela ngakumbi i-chromatic aberration ngaphandle kokongeza ubunzima obukhulu. Kwiilensi ze-ultra-telephoto zoom—ezifana ne-400mm f/4 okanye i-600mm f/4—i-optical assembly ingadlula izinto ezingama-20 zodwa, zidityaniswe neendlela zokugxila ezintantayo ukugcina umgangatho womfanekiso ohambelanayo ukusuka kwi-close focus ukuya kwi-infinity.
Nangona ezi zibonelelo zinkulu, ukonyusa inani leelensi kwazisa urhwebo olukhulu lobunjineli. Okokuqala, ujongano ngalunye lweglasi yomoya lunegalelo ekulahlekelweni kokukhanya okumalunga ne-4%. Nokuba kukho ii-coatings ezichasene nokukhanya ezisemgangathweni ophezulu—kuquka ii-coatings ezakhiwe ngendlela ye-nano (ASC), ii-sub-wavelength structures (SWC), kunye nee-multi-layer broadband coatings—ilahleko zokudlulisa ukukhanya eziqokelelweyo azinakuphepheka. Ukubalwa kwezinto ezigqithisileyo kunokunciphisa ukuhanjiswa kokukhanya okupheleleyo, kunciphisa umlinganiselo wesignali-kwingxolo kwaye kwandise ukuthambekela ekugqabhukeni, ekukhanyeni, nasekunciphiseni ukungafani, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezinokukhanya okuphantsi. Okwesibini, ukunyamezelana kwemveliso kuya kuba nzima ngakumbi: indawo ye-axial, ukuthambeka, kunye nesithuba selensi nganye kufuneka kugcinwe ngaphakathi kokuchaneka kwinqanaba le-micrometer. Ukuphambuka kunokubangela ukuwohloka kwe-off-axis aberration okanye ukufiphala kwendawo, kuphakamisa ubunzima bemveliso kunye nokunciphisa amazinga emveliso.
Ukongeza, inani eliphezulu leelensi ngokubanzi liyawonyusa umthamo kunye nobunzima benkqubo, nto leyo ephikisana nemfuneko yokuncitshiswa kwe-miniaturization kwi-electronics zabathengi. Kwizicelo ezixineneyo ezifana nee-smartphones, iikhamera zesenzo, kunye neenkqubo zokufota ezifakwe kwi-drone, ukudibanisa ii-optics ezisebenzayo eziphezulu kwizinto ezixineneyo kunika umngeni omkhulu woyilo. Ngaphezu koko, izinto zoomatshini ezifana nee-actuators ze-autofocus kunye neemodyuli ze-optical image stabilization (OIS) zifuna indawo eyaneleyo yokuhamba kweqela leelensi. Ii-optical stacks ezintsonkothileyo kakhulu okanye ezingacwangciswanga kakuhle zinokuthintela i-actuator stroke kunye nokuphendula, zibeke emngciphekweni isantya sokugxila kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuzinza.
Ke ngoko, kuyilo lwe-optical olusebenzayo, ukukhetha inani elifanelekileyo lezinto ze-lens kufuna uhlalutyo olupheleleyo lobuchwephesha bokurhweba. Abayili kufuneka bavumelanise imida yokusebenza yethiyori kunye nemida yehlabathi lokwenyani kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa okujoliswe kuko, iimeko zokusingqongileyo, iindleko zemveliso, kunye nokwahluka kwemarike. Umzekelo, iilensi zekhamera eziphathwayo kwizixhobo zemarike enkulu zihlala zisebenzisa ulungelelwaniso lwe-6P okanye lwe-7P ukulinganisela ukusebenza kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko, ngelixa iilensi ze-cinema zobungcali zinokubeka phambili umgangatho womfanekiso wokugqibela ngexabiso lobukhulu kunye nobunzima. Kwangaxeshanye, inkqubela phambili kwisoftware yoyilo lwe-optical—njengeZemax kunye neCode V—ivumela ukulungiswa okuntsonkothileyo kwe-multivariable, okuvumela iinjineli ukuba zifikelele kumanqanaba okusebenza afana neenkqubo ezinkulu zisebenzisa izinto ezimbalwa ngokusebenzisa iiprofayili ze-curvature ezicociweyo, ukhetho lwe-refractive index, kunye nokulungiswa kwe-aspheric coefficient.
Ukuqukumbela, inani leelensi alikho nje umlinganiselo wobunzima be-optical kodwa lutshintsho olusisiseko oluchaza umda ophezulu wokusebenza kwemifanekiso. Nangona kunjalo, uyilo lwe-optical oluphezulu alufikelelwa ngokunyuka kwamanani kuphela, kodwa ngokwakhiwa ngabom koyilo olulinganayo, olunolwazi lwefiziksi oluhambelana nokulungiswa kokuphazamiseka, ukusebenza kakuhle kokudluliselwa, ukuhambelana kwesakhiwo, kunye nokukwazi ukwenziwa. Ukujonga phambili, uyilo olutsha kwizixhobo ezintsha—ezifana ne-high-refractive-index, ii-polymers ezisasazekileyo ezisezantsi kunye nee-metamaterials—iindlela zokwenza izinto eziphucukileyo—kubandakanya ukubumba kwinqanaba le-wafer kunye nokucubungula umphezulu okhululekileyo—kunye nemifanekiso yokubala—ngokuyila ngokubambisana kwe-optics kunye ne-algorithms—kulindeleke ukuba kuchaze kwakhona indlela yokubala kweelensi “ezilungileyo” ngayo, okuvumela iinkqubo zemifanekiso zesizukulwana esilandelayo ezibonakaliswe kukusebenza okuphezulu, ubukrelekrele obukhulu, kunye nokuphucula ukulinganiswa.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-16-2025